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1.
Ciênc. Saúde Colet. (Impr.) ; 24(7): 2701-2714, jul. 2019. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1011836

ABSTRACT

Resumo O objetivo da pesquisa foi analisar a Comissão Nacional para Implementação da Convenção-Quadro para Controle do Tabaco - CONICQ. O estudo abrangeu o período de 2003 a 2015 e baseou-se no referencial de análise de políticas públicas, considerando: estrutura, processo político, agenda e capacidade de atuação da Comissão. As estratégias metodológicas foram: análise documental, incluindo as atas das reuniões da Comissão; observação direta de eventos; entrevistas com atores-chave. Observou-se no período o funcionamento regular e a expansão gradual da Comissão, permeada por aspectos técnicos e políticos que influenciaram a sua estruturação e formação da agenda. Identificaram-se conflitos entre os membros da CONICQ e entre estes e atores externos, sobretudo a partir dos embates entre as visões econômica e sanitária. A sua capacidade de atuação foi limitada por resistências internas (de alguns órgãos governamentais) e externas (de organizações ligadas à indústria do fumo e aos fumicultores). A CONICQ é uma instância estratégica para a política brasileira de controle do tabaco. Porém, a sua atuação como instância de coordenação intersetorial é complexa, diante dos diferentes interesses, posições e níveis de engajamento dos órgãos envolvidos com o controle do tabaco.


Abstract This research aimed to analyze the National Committee for the Implementation of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (CONICQ). The study covered the period from 2003 to 2015 and built on the referential analysis of public policies, considering structure and political process and Committee's agenda and performing capacity. Methodological strategies were documentary analysis, including Committee's minutes of meetings, direct observation of events and interviews with key stakeholders. The regular functioning and gradual expansion of the Committee was observed in the period, permeated by technical and political aspects that influence its structuring and the establishment of the agenda. Conflicts have been identified among CONICQ members and between these and external stakeholders, especially from the clashing opinions on economic and health-related viewpoints. Its capacity for action was limited by internal (from some government agencies) and external (from organizations linked to the tobacco industry and tobacco growers) resistance. CONICQ is a strategic instance to the Brazilian tobacco control policy. However, its activity as an intersectoral coordination mechanism is complex, given the different interests, stances and levels of engagement of agencies involved in tobacco control.


Subject(s)
Humans , Smoking/legislation & jurisprudence , Tobacco Industry/legislation & jurisprudence , Smoking Prevention/legislation & jurisprudence , Health Policy/legislation & jurisprudence , Politics , Brazil , Government
2.
J. bras. pneumol ; 44(5): 398-404, Sept.-Oct. 2018. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-975941

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective: To draw up an up-to-date scenario of compliance with the law prohibiting the sale of cigarettes to minors. Methods: We used data about youth access to cigarette purchase that were obtained through a nationwide survey conducted in 2015 among students aged 13-17 years. We estimated simple proportions of attempts to buy cigarettes, success of attempts, purchase of cigarettes on a regular basis, and purchase of cigarettes on a regular basis in a store or bar. All estimates were stratified by gender, age group, and Brazilian macro-region. Crude absolute difference and adjusted absolute difference in the proportion of smokers in each category by variable of interest were analyzed by a generalized linear model with binomial distribution and identity link function. Results: Approximately 7 in every 10 adolescent smokers attempted to buy cigarettes at least once in the 30 days prior to the survey. Of those, approximately 9 in every 10 were successful, and individuals aged 16-17 years (vs. those aged 13-15 years) were less often prevented from buying cigarettes (adjusted absolute difference, 8.1%; p ≤ 0.05). Approximately 45% of all smokers aged 13-17 years in Brazil reported buying their own cigarettes on a regular basis without being prevented from doing so, and, of those, 80% reported buying them in a store or bar (vs. from a street vendor). Conclusions: Our findings raise an important public health concern and may contribute to supporting educational and surveillance measures to enforce compliance with existing anti-tobacco laws in Brazil, which have been disregarded.


RESUMO Objetivo: Fornecer um cenário atualizado do cumprimento da lei que proíbe a venda de cigarros para menores de 18 anos de idade. Métodos: Foram utilizados dados de acesso à compra de cigarros obtidos por meio de uma pesquisa de âmbito nacional, realizada em 2015, entre jovens escolares de 13 a 17 anos. Foram estimadas as proporções simples de tentativa de comprar cigarros; sucesso dessa tentativa; compra regular de cigarros; e compra regular de cigarros em lojas ou botequins. Todas as estimativas foram estratificadas por sexo, faixa etária e macrorregiões brasileiras. Para avaliar as diferenças absolutas, brutas e ajustadas, das proporções das categorias consideradas em relação às variáveis analisadas, foi utilizado um modelo linear generalizado com distribuição binomial e função de ligação identidade. Resultados: Aproximadamente 7 em cada 10 fumantes adolescentes tentaram comprar cigarros pelo menos em uma ocasião nos 30 dias anteriores à pesquisa. Desses, aproximadamente 9 em cada 10 obtiveram sucesso, sendo que jovens entre 16-17 anos (vs. 13-15 anos) foram menos impedidos de comprar cigarros (diferença absoluta ajustada = 8,1%; p ≤ 0,05). Aproximadamente 45% de todos os fumantes brasileiros entre 13 e 17 anos de idade referiram ter comprado regularmente os seus próprios cigarros sem serem impedidos, e, desses, 80% relataram tê-los comprado em lojas/botequins (vs. vendedores ambulantes). Conclusões: Nossos achados trazem um importante alerta de saúde pública e podem contribuir para apoiar ações educativas e de fiscalização no sentido de reforçar o cumprimento das leis antitabaco já existentes no Brasil, que vêm sendo desrespeitadas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Smoking/legislation & jurisprudence , Smoking/epidemiology , Commerce/legislation & jurisprudence , Minors/legislation & jurisprudence , Students/statistics & numerical data , Brazil/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Age Factors , Sex Distribution , Commerce/statistics & numerical data , Age Distribution , Minors/statistics & numerical data , Tobacco Products/legislation & jurisprudence
4.
Ciênc. Saúde Colet. (Impr.) ; 23(6): 1837-1848, jun. 2018. graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-952660

ABSTRACT

Resumo O artigo apresenta um balanço da política brasileira de controle do tabaco de 1986 a 2016, baseando-se em contribuições dos referenciais da economia política e da análise de políticas públicas. A institucionalização do controle do tabaco no país foi marcada por mudanças mais gerais da política de saúde e por eventos específicos relacionados ao tema. A liderança brasileira no cenário internacional, a sólida estruturação da Política Nacional de Controle do Tabaco e o papel da sociedade civil e dos meios de comunicação contribuíram para o sucesso do controle do tabaco no Brasil. No entanto, persistem desafios relacionados à diversificação de produção em áreas plantadas de fumo, ao comércio ilícito, à interferência da indústria do fumo e à sustentabilidade da Política. O estudo reforça a relevância de serem consideradas, na análise de políticas de saúde complexas, as relações entre contexto internacional e nacional e a articulação entre diferentes setores e atores governamentais e não governamentais. A continuidade e a consolidação da política de controle do tabaco dependem da persistência de um marco institucional amplo que norteie a atuação do Estado na proteção social, consoante com as diretrizes do Sistema Único de Saúde.


Abstract The article presents a review of Brazilian tobacco control policies from 1986 to 2016, based on contributions from political economics and analyses of public policies. The institutionalization of tobacco control in the country was marked by more general changes in health policies and by specific events related to the theme. Brazil's international leadership role, a robust National Tobacco Control Policy, the role of civil society and the media all contributed to the success of tobacco control in this country. However, challenges remain regarding crop diversification in tobacco farms, illegal trade in cigarettes, pressure from the tobacco industry and the sustainability of the Policy. This study reinforces the importance of bearing in mind the relationship between the domestic and international context, and the articulation between different governmental and non-governmental sectors and players when analyzing complex health policies. Continuity and consolidation of the tobacco control policies depend on the persistence of a broad institutional framework to guide the State's actions in social protection, in accordance with Unified Healthcare System guidelines.


Subject(s)
Humans , Public Policy , Tobacco Industry/legislation & jurisprudence , Smoking Prevention/legislation & jurisprudence , National Health Programs/organization & administration , Tobacco/growth & development , Brazil , Smoking/legislation & jurisprudence , Guidelines as Topic , Tobacco Products/legislation & jurisprudence , Health Policy
5.
Rev. Asoc. Méd. Argent ; 130(1): 23-24, mar. 2017.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-973065

ABSTRACT

En este artículo se destaca que el empaquetado neutro y el Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco (CMCT - OMS) son parte de la campaña antitabaco 2016. Distintas estrategias se vienen realizando todos los años a favor de la salud pública.


This article emphasizes that the neutral packaging and the Who Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC). Different strategies are being made every year for improving public health.


Subject(s)
Smoking/legislation & jurisprudence , Smoking/prevention & control , World Health Organization , Tobacco-Derived Products Labeling , Anniversaries and Special Events , Argentina
6.
Rev. bras. cancerol ; 63(1): 13-20, 20170300.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-875998

ABSTRACT

Introdução: O tabagismo é uma causa de morte evitável e está associado à incidência de diversos cânceres. Implantar o tratamento do tabagismo contribui para o seu controle e de suas diversas consequências. Objetivo: Analisar a implantação, sob a perspectiva das ações de competência da gestão estadual, da rede de tratamento do tabagismo em Pernambuco a partir da Portaria 571/2013. Método: Estudo transversal, descritivo, de abordagem mista, com dados coletados no período de novembro a dezembro de 2016 na Gerência de Vigilância de Doenças e Agravos não Transmissíveis e Promoção da Saúde da Secretaria Estadual de Saúde de Pernambuco. Foi composto por duas etapas: a primeira, qualitativa, em que foram analisados os documentos da gestão estadual do Programa de Controle do Tabagismo, utilizou a análise documental. A segunda, quantitativa, utilizou informações provenientes do FormSus. Resultados: A análise documental destacou 26 atividades, sendo 12 atividades referentes ao monitoramento das ações de controle do tabagismo, oito referentes à gestão do programa e seis de educação permanente. No que diz respeito à análise quantitativa, foi observada a ampliação da oferta do tratamento do tabagismo na Atenção Básica, que concentrou a maior parte dos atendimentos. Conclusão: A análise destaca a importância das estratégias de educação permanente, de monitoramento e de mobilização social na implantação do tratamento do tabagismo no Estado de Pernambuco após a portaria 571/2013, todas contribuindo para ampliação da oferta de tratamento do tabagismo na Atenção Básica em Saúde do Estado.


Introduction: Tobacco use is a preventable cause of death and is associated to the incidence of many types of cancer. Implementing treatment for tobacco use contributes to the control of it and many of its consequences. Objective: To analyze the implementation, under the perspective of actions of state management scope, of the tobacco use treatment network in Pernambuco since the Decree 571/2013. Method: Cross-sectional, descriptive, mixed method research, with data collected from November to December 2016 in the Office for Non-Communicable Diseases and Health Promotion of the State of Pernambuco Health Secretariat. It was performed in two phases: the first was qualitative, in which documents of the state management of the Tobacco Control Program were analyzed, and used documental analysis. The second, quantitative, used information from FormSus. Results: Documental analysis highlighted 26 activities, 12 of which referred to the monitoring of tobacco control actions, eight referred to the program management and six of permanent education. Regarding quantitative analysis, we observed the expansion of the offering of tobacco use treatment in Primary Care, which concentrated most of the patient care. Conclusion: The analysis highlights the importance of permanent education strategies, monitoring and social mobilization in the implementation of tobacco use treatment in the State of Pernambuco after the Decree 571/2013, all of which contributed to the expansion of the offering of tobacco use treatment in the state's Primary Health Care.


Introducción: El tabaquismo es una causa de muerte evitable y está asociado a la incidencia de diversos cánceres. Implantar el tratamiento del tabaquismo contribuye a su control y sus diversas consecuencias. Objetivo: Analizar la implantación, bajo la perspectiva de las acciones de competencia de la gestión estadual, de la red de tratamiento del tabaquismo en Pernambuco a partir de la norma 571/2013. Método: Estudio transversal, descriptivo, de enfoque mixto, con datos recolectados en el período de noviembre a diciembre de 2016 en la Gerência de Vigilância de Doenças e Agravos não Transmissíveis e Promoção da Saúde, de la Secretaria Estadual de Saúde de Pernambuco. Se compuso de dos etapas: la primera, cualitativa, en la que se analizaron los documentos de la gestión estadual del Programa de Control del Tabaquismo, utilizó el análisis documental. La segunda, cuantitativa, utilizó información proveniente de FormSus. Resultados: El análisis documental destacó 26 actividades, siendo 12 actividades referentes al acompañamiento de las acciones de control del tabaquismo, ocho referentes a la gestión del programa y séis de educación permanente. En lo que se refiere al análisis cuantitativo, se observó la ampliación de la oferta del tratamiento del tabaquismo en la Atenção Básica à Saúde que concentró la mayor parte de las atenciones. Conclusión: El análisis destaca la importancia de las estrategias de educación permanente, de monitoreo y de movilización social en la implantación del tratamiento del tabaquismo en el Estado de Pernambuco posterior a la ley 571/2013, ambas contribuyendo a la ampliación de la oferta de tratamiento del tabaquismo en la Atenção Básica em Saúde del Estado.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Smoking/prevention & control , Tobacco Use Disorder/prevention & control , Tobacco Use Disorder/therapy , Health Management , Health Services/statistics & numerical data , Smoking/legislation & jurisprudence , Smoking/mortality
7.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 33(supl.3): e00126115, 2017. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-889810

ABSTRACT

Resumo: O consumo de tabaco é um dos principais responsáveis por diferentes tipos de câncer e outras enfermidades relacionadas a esse uso. Em 2003, a Assembleia Mundial de Saúde adotou a Convenção-Quadro para o Controle do Tabaco da Organização Mundial da Saúde (CQCT-OMS), a qual visa a proteger os cidadãos das consequências sanitárias, sociais, ambientais e econômicas geradas pelo consumo e pela exposição à fumaça do tabaco. A Convenção deveria ser ratificada pelos países membros da OMS e, no caso brasileiro, sua ratificação envolveu o Congresso Nacional, que realizou audiências públicas nas principais cidades produtoras da erva. Neste trabalho, analisa-se esse processo decisório à luz dos diferentes interesses, posições e atores sociais envolvidos. Em termos metodológicos, trata-se de um estudo qualitativo fundamentado em pesquisa documental baseada, sobretudo, nas notas taquigráficas das audiências públicas. São analisados os interesses e os argumentos apresentados favoráveis e contrários à ratificação. O artigo demonstra que, apesar de precedida por intensos debates, a decisão final favorável à ratificação foi tomada por um grupo restrito de agentes públicos, caracterizando um processo decisório que se assemelha a um funil.


Resumen: El consumo de tabaco es uno de los principales responsables de los diferentes tipos de cáncer y otras enfermedades relacionadas con su consumo. En 2003, la Asamblea Mundial de la Salud adoptó el Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (CQCT-OMS), que tiene como objetivo proteger a los ciudadanos de las consecuencias sanitarias, sociales, ambientales y económicas generadas por el consumo y por la exposición al humo del tabaco. El convenio debería ser ratificado por los países miembros de la OMS y, en el caso brasileño, su ratificación involucró al Congreso Nacional, que realizó audiencias públicas en las principales ciudades productoras de esta planta. En este trabajo, se analiza ese proceso decisorio a la luz de los diferentes intereses, posiciones y actores sociales involucrados. En términos metodológicos, se trata de un estudio cualitativo, fundamentado en una investigación documental basada, sobre todo, en las notas taquigráficas de las audiencias públicas. Se analizan los intereses y los argumentos presentados favorables y contrarios a la ratificación. El artículo demuestra que, a pesar de estar precedida por intensos debates, la decisión final favorable a la ratificación se tomó por parte de un grupo restringido de agentes públicos, caracterizando un proceso decisorio semejante por su dinámica al de un embudo.


Abstract: Tobacco consumption is a leading cause of various types of cancer and other tobacco-related diseases. In 2003, the World Health Assembly adopted the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO-FCTC), which aims to protect citizens from the health, social, environmental, and economic consequences of tobacco consumption and exposure to tobacco smoke. The Convention was to be ratified by the Member States of the WHO; in Brazil's case, ratification involved the National Congress, which held public hearings in the country's leading tobacco growing communities (municipalities). The current study analyzes this decision-making process according to the different interests, positions, and stakeholders. In methodological terms, this is a qualitative study based on document research, drawing primarily on the shorthand notes from the public hearings. We analyze the interests and arguments for and against ratification. The article shows that although preceded by intense debates, the final decision in favor of ratification was made by a limited group of government stakeholders, characterizing a decision-making process similar to a funnel.


Subject(s)
Humans , Tobacco Use Disorder/prevention & control , Smoking/legislation & jurisprudence , World Health Organization , Brazil , Public Health , Smoking Cessation , Tobacco Industry/legislation & jurisprudence , Decision Making , Government Regulation , Health Policy , National Health Programs
8.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 33(supl.3): e00120715, 2017. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-889813

ABSTRACT

Abstract: This article aims to analyze the relationship between the Brazilian government's adoption of a regulatory measure with a strong impact on the population and the opposition by invested interest groups. The methodology involves the analysis of official documents on the enforcement of health warnings on tobacco products sold in Brazil. In parallel, a search was conducted for publicly available tobacco industry documents resulting from lawsuits, with the aim of identifying the industry's reactions to this process. The findings suggest that various government acts were affected by direct interference from the tobacco industry. In some cases the interventions were explicit and in others they were indirect or difficult to identify. In light of the study's theoretical framework, the article provides original information on the Brazilian process that can be useful for government policymakers in the strategic identification of tobacco control policies.


Resumen: El propósito de este artículo es entender la relación que se establece entre la adopción por parte del gobierno de una medida reguladora, con un fuerte impacto en la población, y la reacción de grupos de interés contrarios. La metodología se aplica al estudio de documentos oficiales relacionados con la implementación de las advertencias sanitarias en los productos del tabaco comercializados en Brasil. Simultáneamente, se realizó una búsqueda de documentos a disposición pública sobre los resultados de litigios contra la industria del tabaco, con el objetivo de identificar las reacciones del sector en este proceso. Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que varias acciones del gobierno sufrieron una interferencia directa de la industria del tabaco. En algunos casos las intervenciones eran explícitas y en otros eran indirectas o de difícil identificación. A la luz del marco referencial adoptado, se ha presentado información original sobre el proceso brasileño, que podrá ser útil para los gestores del gobierno en la identificación estratégica de políticas de control al tabaco.


O propósito deste artigo é entender a relação estabelecida entre a adoção pelo governo de uma medida reguladora com forte impacto na população e a reação de grupos de interesse contrários. A metodologia envolve o estudo de documentos oficiais relacionados à implementação das advertências sanitárias nos produtos de tabaco comercializados no Brasil. Em paralelo, realizou-se a busca de documentos da indústria do tabaco disponibilizados publicamente como resultado de ações de litígio, com o objetivo de identificar as reações do setor nesse processo. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que várias ações do governo foram permeadas pela interferência direta da indústria do tabaco. Em alguns casos as intervenções eram explícitas e em outros eram indiretas ou de difícil identificação. À luz do marco referencial adotado, informações originais sobre o processo brasileiro são apresentadas e poderão ser úteis aos gestores do governo na identificação estratégica de políticas de controle do tabaco.


Subject(s)
Humans , Tobacco Industry/legislation & jurisprudence , Advertising/legislation & jurisprudence , Advertising/methods , Health Communication/methods , Smoking Prevention/legislation & jurisprudence , Smoking Prevention/methods , Politics , Brazil , Smoking/legislation & jurisprudence
10.
J. bras. pneumol ; 42(4): 290-298, July-Aug. 2016.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-794714

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Smoking is the most preventable and controllable health risk. Therefore, all health care professionals should give their utmost attention to and be more focused on the problem of smoking. Tobacco is a highly profitable product, because of its large-scale production and great number of consumers. Smoking control policies and treatment resources for smoking cessation have advanced in recent years, showing highly satisfactory results, particularly in Brazil. However, there is yet a long way to go before smoking can be considered a controlled disease from a public health standpoint. We can already perceive that the behavior of our society regarding smoking is changing, albeit slowly. Therefore, pulmonologists have a very promising area in which to work with their patients and the general population. We must act with greater impetus in support of health care policies and social living standards that directly contribute to improving health and quality of life. In this respect, pulmonologists can play a greater role as they get more involved in treating smokers, strengthening anti-smoking laws, and demanding health care policies related to lung diseases.


RESUMO O tabagismo é o fator de risco mais prevenível e controlável em saúde e, por isso, precisa ter a máxima atenção e ser muito mais enfocado por todos os profissionais da saúde. O tabaco é um produto de alta rentabilidade pela sua grande produção e pelo elevado número de consumidores. As políticas de controle e os recursos terapêuticos para o tabagismo avançaram muito nos últimos anos e têm mostrado resultados altamente satisfatórios, particularmente no Brasil. Entretanto, ainda resta um longo caminho a ser percorrido para que se possa considerar o tabagismo como uma doença controlada sob o ponto de vista da saúde pública. Já se observam modificações do comportamento da sociedade com relação ao tabagismo, mas ainda em escala muito lenta, de modo que os pneumologistas têm nesse setor um campo muito promissor para atuar junto a seus pacientes e a população em geral. É preciso atuar com maior ímpeto em prol das políticas de saúde e das normas de convívio social que contribuem diretamente para melhorar a saúde e a vida. Nesse aspecto, os pneumologistas podem ter um papel de maior destaque na medida em que se envolvam com o tratamento dos fumantes, a aplicação da lei antifumo e as políticas de saúde relacionadas às doenças respiratórias.


Subject(s)
Humans , Smoking Cessation , Smoking/adverse effects , Brazil , Health Policy , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/etiology , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/prevention & control , Pulmonologists , Smoking Cessation/legislation & jurisprudence , Smoking Prevention , Smoking/legislation & jurisprudence
11.
Salud pública Méx ; 58(1): 62-70, ene.-feb. 2016. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-773570

ABSTRACT

Objective. To analyze the passage of Costa Rica's 2012 tobacco control law. Materials and methods. Review of legislation, newspaper articles, and key informant interviews. Results. Tobacco control advocates, in close collaboration with international health groups, recruited national, regional and international experts to testify in the Legislative Assembly, implemented grassroots advocacy campaigns, and generated media coverage to enact strong legislation in March 2012 consistent with the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, despite tobacco industry lobbying efforts that for decades blocked effective tobacco control legislation. Conclusion. Costa Rica's experience illustrates how with resources, good strategic planning, aggressive tactics and perseverance tobacco control advocates can overcome tobacco industry opposition in the Legislative Assembly and Executive Branch. This determined approach has positioned Costa Rica to become a regional leader in tobacco control.


Objetivo. Analizar la adopción de la ley de control del tabaco de 2012 en Costa Rica. Material y métodos. Revisión de la legislación, artículos de periódicos y entrevistas con informantes clave. Resultados. Los defensores del control del tabaco, en estrecha colaboración con grupos internacionales de salud pública y expertos nacionales, regionales e internacionales, reclutados para testificar en la Asamblea Legislativa, implementaron campañas de comunicación e incidencia política que resultaron en la aprobación en marzo de 2012 de una legislación fuerte y en consonancia con el Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Todo esto a pesar de los esfuerzos de la industria tabacalera que, por décadas, había logrado bloquear la aprobación de una legislación eficaz de control del tabaco en Costa Rica. Conclusión. La experiencia de Costa Rica ilustra cómo con recursos, una buena planificación estratégica, tácticas agresivas y perseverancia, los defensores del control del tabaco pudieron superar la oposición de la industria tabacalera en la Asamblea Legislativa y el Poder Ejecutivo. La adopción de una ley efectiva de control de tabaco ha posicionado a Costa Rica como un líder regional en el control de tabaco.


Subject(s)
Humans , Smoking/legislation & jurisprudence , Tobacco Industry/legislation & jurisprudence , Health Policy/legislation & jurisprudence , Lobbying , Tobacco , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/legislation & jurisprudence , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/prevention & control , Tobacco Use Disorder/prevention & control , Public Health/legislation & jurisprudence , Smoking Cessation/legislation & jurisprudence , Costa Rica
12.
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health ; : 23-34, 2016.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-225243

ABSTRACT

South Korea's state health insurer, the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS), is in the process of a compensation suit against tobacco industry. The tobacco companies have habitually endeavored to ensure favorable outcomes in litigation by misusing scientific evidence or recruiting scientists to support its interests. This study analyzed strategies that tobacco companies have used during the NHIS litigation, which has been receiving world-wide attention. To understand the litigation strategies of tobacco companies, the present study reviewed the existing literature and carried out content analysis of petitions, preparatory documents, and supporting evidence submitted to the court by the NHIS and the tobacco companies during the suit. Tobacco companies misrepresented the World Health Organization (WHO) report's argument and misused scientific evidence, and removed the word "deadly" from the title of the citation. Tobacco companies submitted the research results of scientists who had worked as a consultant for the tobacco industry as evidence. Such litigation strategies employed by the tobacco companies internationally were applied similarly in Korean lawsuits. Results of tobacco litigation have a huge influence on tobacco control policies. For desirable outcomes of the suits, healthcare professionals need to pay a great deal of attention to the enormous volume of written opinions and supporting evidence that tobacco companies submit. They also need to face the fact that the companies engage in recruitment of scientists. Healthcare professionals should refuse to partner with tobacco industry, as recommended by Article 5.3 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.


Subject(s)
Humans , Public Health/legislation & jurisprudence , Republic of Korea , Smoking/legislation & jurisprudence , Tobacco Industry/ethics
13.
J. bras. pneumol ; 41(6): 523-529, Nov.-Dec. 2015. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-769776

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To determine the factors affecting the smoking habits of high school students, their thoughts about changes resulting from anti-smoking laws, and how they are affected by those laws. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 11th-grade students at eight high schools in Ankara, Turkey, were invited to complete a questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 1,199 students completed the questionnaire satisfactorily. The mean age of the respondents was 17.0  0.6 years; 56.1% were female, of whom 15.3% were smokers; and 43.9% were male, of whom 43.7% were smokers (p < 0.001). The independent risk factors for smoking were male gender, attending a vocational school, having a sibling who smokes, having a friend who smokes, and poor academic performance. Of the respondents, 74.7% were aware of the content of anti-smoking laws; 81.8% approved of the restrictions and fines; and 8.1% had quit smoking because of those laws. According to the respondents, the interventions that were most effective were the (television) broadcast of films about the hazards of smoking and the ban on cigarette sales to minors. The prevalence of smoking was highest (31.5%) among students attending vocational high schools but lowest (7.5%) among those attending medical vocational high schools. Although 57.1% of the smokers were aware of the existence of a smoking cessation helpline, only 3.7% had called, none of whom had made any attempt to quit smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Although most of the students evaluated were aware of the harmful effects of smoking and approved of the anti-smoking laws, only a minority of those who smoked sought professional help to quit.


RESUMO OBJETIVO: Determinar os fatores que afetam os hábitos de fumar de estudantes do ensino médio, seus pensamentos sobre as mudanças resultantes das leis antifumo e como eles são afetados por essas leis. MÉTODOS: Neste estudo transversal, alunos do 11º ano de oito escolas de ensino médio em Ancara, Turquia, foram convidados para preencher um questionário. RESULTADOS: Preencheram o questionário 1.199 estudantes de forma satisfatória. A média de idade dos participantes foi de 17,0  0,6 anos; 56,1% eram mulheres; das quais 15,3% eram fumantes; e 43,9% eram homens, dos quais 43,7% eram fumantes (p < 0,001). Os fatores de risco independentes para o tabagismo foram ser homem, frequentar escola técnica, ter um irmão/irmã que fuma, ter um amigo que fuma e ter baixo desempenho acadêmico. Dos participantes, 74,7% conheciam o conteúdo das leis antifumo; 8,1% aprovavam as restrições e multas, e 8,1% haviam cessado o tabagismo devido a essas leis. Na opinião dos participantes, as intervenções mais efetivas foram a exibição de curtas na TV sobre os malefícios do tabagismo e a proibição da venda de cigarros a menores. A prevalência do tabagismo foi maior (31,5%) nos estudantes de escolas técnicas, mas menor (7,5%) nos estudantes de escolas técnicas médicas. Embora 57,1% dos fumantes soubessem da existência de um serviço telefônico de ajuda para a cessação tabágica, somente 3,7% haviam ligado para esse serviço, mas nenhum tentou parar de fumar. CONCLUSÕES: Embora a maioria dos alunos avaliados conhecesse os efeitos deletérios do tabagismo e aprovasse as leis antifumo, apenas uma minoria dos fumantes procurou ajuda profissional para a cessação tabágica.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Female , Humans , Male , Smoke-Free Policy/legislation & jurisprudence , Smoking Cessation/legislation & jurisprudence , Smoking/legislation & jurisprudence , Smoking/prevention & control , Cross-Sectional Studies , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Socioeconomic Factors , Surveys and Questionnaires , Smoking Cessation/statistics & numerical data , Smoking/epidemiology , Students/statistics & numerical data , Tobacco Use Disorder , Turkey/epidemiology
14.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 143(10): 1343-1350, oct. 2015. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-771719

ABSTRACT

Background: Smoking is one of the major Public Health problems worldwide. Aim: To study the frequency of tobacco smoking among undergraduate students of a Chilean university. Material and Methods: An opinion survey was sent by e-mail to all undergraduate students of a university, registering gender, age, study years, study area, smoking behavior, motivation (reason for smoking), intention to quit and tobacco law perception. Results: 1,008 (57% females) out of 11,679 surveys were answered back. Prevalence of active smoking among respondents was 36%, without association with gender, age or years of study. However, students from scientific areas had a lower prevalence. Seventy seven percent of smokers manifested the intention to quit the habit or have started quitting already. Ninety six percent were acquainted with the tobacco law and by 73% agreed with it. Conclusions: Smoking is highly prevalent among university students. It is necessary to develop strategies for smoking cessation within universities that may prevent or reduce tobacco smoking among students.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Smoking/epidemiology , Students/statistics & numerical data , Universities/statistics & numerical data , Chile/epidemiology , Electronic Mail , Prevalence , Smoking/legislation & jurisprudence , Surveys and Questionnaires
15.
Bol. Hosp. Viña del Mar ; 71(2): 67-69, abr.2015.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-779165

ABSTRACT

A lo largo de este artículo presentaremos datos que muestran los cambios ocurridos en la prevalencia de tabaquismo activo y pasivo en España como consecuencia de la implantación de las dos normativas nacionales que se han aprobado en nuestro país entre los 2006 y el 2011. Los datos hablan de una importante reducción en la prevalencia de tabaquismo pasivo tanto a nivel global ( que se redujo desde 49,5 por ciento en el año 2005 hasta un 21 por ciento en el 2011) como en los distintos ambientes ( laboral, escolar, hogares, bares y restaurantes).El artículo, también, muestra algunos datos que relacionan la disminución de la morbilidad por infarto agudo de miocardio y otras formas de cardiopatía isquémica, así como en el asma, con la disminución de la prevalencia de tabaquismo pasivo...


Throughout this article, we present data showing changes in the prevalence of active and passive smoking in Spain as a result of the implementation of the two national standards that have been adopted in our country between 2006 and 2011. The figures show a significant reduction in the prevalence of passive smoking both globally (down from 49 percent in 2005 to 21 percent in 2011) and in individual (work, school, homes, bars environments and restaurants).The article also shows some evidence linking the reduction of morbidity from acute myocardial infarction and other forms of ischemic heart disease, stroke and asthma, with decreasing prevalence of passive smoking...


Subject(s)
Humans , Smoking/epidemiology , Smoking/legislation & jurisprudence , Spain/epidemiology , Prevalence , Tobacco Smoke Pollution
16.
Dental press j. orthod. (Impr.) ; 20(2): 83-89, Mar-Apr/2015. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-745861

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: One of the advantages of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is the possibility of obtaining images of conventional lateral cephalograms derived from partial or complete reconstruction of facial images. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at comparing full face, right and left hemifacial CBCT cephalograms of orthodontic patients without clinical facial asymmetry. METHODS: The sample comprised nine clinically symmetrical patients who had pretreament full face CBCT. The CBCTs were reconstructed so as to obtain full face, right and left hemifacial cephalograms. Two observers, at two different times, obtained linear and angular measurements for the images using Dolphin 3D software. Dependent and independent t-tests were used to assess the reproducibility of measurements. Analysis of Variance and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare the variables obtained in the CBCT derived cephalometric views. RESULTS: There was good reproducibility for CBCT scans and no statistically significant differences between measurements of full face, right and left hemifacial CBCT scans. CONCLUSIONS: Cephalometric measurements in full face, right and left hemifacial CBCT scans in clinically symmetrical patients are similar. .


INTRODUÇÃO: uma das vantagens da tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC) é a possibilidade de obtenção da imagem da telerradiografia em norma lateral convencional, por reconstruir parcial ou totalmente a face em uma visão sagital. OBJETIVO: o presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar as imagens de cefalogramas obtidas da face total e das hemifaces direita e esquerda por meio de TCFC, em pacientes sem assimetria clinica. MÉTODOS: a amostra foi composta por nove pacientes, clinicamente simétricos, que tinham em seus prontuários TCFC de face total. Os exames tomográficos foram reformatados para a obtenção de cefalogramas de face total e hemifaces direita e esquerda. Dois observadores, em dois momentos diferentes, obtiveram medidas lineares e angulares dessas imagens, utilizando o software Dolphin 3D. Testes t dependentes e independentes foram utilizados para verificar a reprodutibilidade das medidas nas imagens. Análise de variância (ANOVA) e o teste de Kruskal-Wallis foram utilizados para comparar as variáveis obtidas nas análises cefalométricas. RESULTADOS: houve boa reprodutibilidade para as imagens de TCFC e não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre as medidas cefalométricas obtidas de cefalogramas de face total, hemifaces direita e esquerda. CONCLUSÕES: medidas cefalométricas obtidas de cefalogramas de face total, hemifaces direita e esquerda em pacientes clinicamente simétricos são semelhantes. .


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Poverty , Smoking Cessation/economics , Smoking Cessation/psychology , Smoking/economics , Taxes , Tobacco Products/economics , Commerce/legislation & jurisprudence , Louisiana , Smoking/epidemiology , Smoking/legislation & jurisprudence
17.
Rio de Janeiro; s.n; 2015. 79 p. mapas, tab, graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-772825

ABSTRACT

Existen muchas evidencias de los efectos del tabaquismo sobre la salud, y son las que actúan como sustento para las iniciativas del control del tabaco. En los países desarrollados, el consumo de tabaco es la causa de muerte más evitable. Las muertes porfumar están directamente relacionadas con la prevalencia de tabaquismo y con la exposición al humo de segunda mano. Aproximadamente 4,9 millones de muertes alaño son causadas por el tabaco. A partir de esta situación surge la necesidad de crearuna reglamentación con base científica a nivel mundial para ayudar a los países en lalucha contra el tabaco: El CMCT. Nuestro país firmó dicho convenio pero no lo ratificó. En 2011 creó la Ley nacional pero entró en vigencia recién en el año 2013. Por otrolado, hay provincias que cuentan con legislación 100 cento por libre de humo y otras no. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar si las políticas provinciales influyen en el comportamiento de las personas y las induce a pensar en dejar de fumar e identificar aquellos grupos donde no impacta la ley. Se realizó un estudio analítico de corte transversal utilizando tres puntos en el tiempo. Se utilizó la técnica de modelos multiniveles trabajando con datos de distintas jerarquías: el nivel individual, y el nivelde la provincia a la cual pertenece el individuo. Para la construcción del modelo multinivel completo se utilizó solo las variables significativas en el análisis individual. Se utilizaron fuentes de datos secundarios: ENFR 2005, 2009 y 2013. En el análisis individual de las variables explicativas se obtuvo que los pobladores de las provincias que no tienen legislación tuvieron un 40 cento por más de chance de no pensar en dejar defumar...


There is much evidence of the effects of smoking on health, and are acting as supportfor the initiatives snuff control. In developed countries, consumption of snuff is themost preventable cause of death. Smoking deaths are directly related to the prevalenceof smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke. Approximately 4.9 million deaths ayear are caused by snuff. From this situation arises the need for science-based regulation globally to help countries in the fight against snuff: The FCTC. Our country signed the convention but not ratified it. In 2011 he created the national law but took effect only in2013. Moreover, there are provinces that have legislation 100 smoke free and somenot. The aim of this study is to determine whether provincial policies influence the behavior of individuals and suggests quitting and identify those groups where it doesnot impact the law. An analytical cross-sectional study using three time points wasperformed. The individual level, and the level of the province to which the individual belongs: the technique of multilevel models working with data from multiple hierarchies are used. It was used only for the construction of complete multilevel model the significant variables in the individual analysis. Secondary data sources were used: ENFR 2005, 2009 and 2013. In the individual analysis of the explanatory variables was obtained that the people of the provinces that do not have legislation had a 40 Percent greater chance of not thinking about quitting. Men (8 Percent), people aged 65 and over (47 Percent) have more chance not to think of quitting. In the full meaning categories multilevel model maintained that features and in the same direction...


Subject(s)
Humans , Behavior , Health Policy , Smoking/legislation & jurisprudence , Multilevel Analysis , Tobacco , Argentina , Public Health
18.
Indian J Cancer ; 2014 Dec; 51(5_Suppl): s60-s66
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-154355

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Cigarettes and other tobacco products act 2003 (COTPA) is the principal law governing tobacco control in India. Government of Maharashtra in one of its landmark decisions also banned manufacturing, sale and distribution of gutka and pan masala since July 2012. The desired impact and level of enforcement of the COTPA legislation and the gutka and pan masala ban in Maharashtra State, however, needs assessment. Among the many provisions within COTPA, the present study seeks to assess compliance to implementation and enforcement of Section 5 and 6 of COTPA including compliance to gutka and pan masala ban in Mumbai, India. METHODOLOGY: Six educational institutes (EI) within the Mumbai metropolitan region were selected in a two stage random sampling process. Area around each EI was manually mapped and all the tobacco products selling outlets with in the 100 yards distance were listed by trained Field Social Investigators and were observed to determine compliance for Section 5 and Section 6 of the COTPA legislation and for gutka and pan masala ban. The vendors/shop owners manning these outlets were also interviewed for their personal sociodemographic details, self‑tobacco use, awareness and perception about ill‑effects of tobacco and existing tobacco control legislation in the country. RESULTS: A total of 222 tobacco retail outlets were listed within 100 yards of the EI in violation to the provisions of Section 6 of COTPA, of which 72 (32.4%) were selling tobacco products on mobile structures. About 53.2% of the tobacco vendors were also users of some form of tobacco. Whereas, nearly 217 (97.7%) vendors were aware about the gutka and pan masala ban in the State, only 48.2% were aware about the existence of COTPA legislation. None of the EI had a display board prohibiting the sale of tobacco products within a radius of 100 yards of their EI. Only 56.3% tobacco outlets had complied with the mandatory warning display boards indicating tobacco products will not be sold to people below 18 years of age. With regards to point of sale advertisement only 25.2% compliance was noted for display of health warning boards at the point of sale. Nearly 48.6% tobacco outlets exhibited >2 display boards and another 43.2% exhibited hoardings with brand pack photo, brand name in violation to the provision under Section 5. Violation by visible stacking and open display of tobacco products for sale was observed at 51.3% of tobacco outlets. While 41% of tobacco outlets were found displaying gutka and pan masala packets in violation to the ban. CONCLUSIONS: Enacting of the law without robust measures for enforcement has led to widespread noncompliance to the provisions with in the tobacco control legislation in the metropolitan city of Mumbai. Strong and sustainable measures needs to be incorporated both by civic administration and public health departments for its forceful implementation.


Subject(s)
Adult , Areca , Humans , India , Smoking/economics , Smoking/legislation & jurisprudence , SMOKING ---PREVENTION & , Tobacco, Smokeless/economics , Tobacco, Smokeless/supply & distribution , Tobacco Products/economics , Tobacco Products/supply & distribution , Tobacco Use/economics , Tobacco Use/legislation & jurisprudence , Tobacco Use/prevention & control
19.
Rev. Esc. Enferm. USP ; 48(3): 500-506, 06/2014. tab
Article in English | LILACS, BDENF | ID: lil-715724

ABSTRACT

Objective: To identify the opinion of patients with mental disorder about tobacco and its prohibition during psychiatric hospitalization. Method: An exploratory study with 96 patients smokers with mental disorders hospitalized in a psychiatric ward of a general hospital. The interviews were conducted individually, using an instrument designed for this study. The content from the interviews was recorded, transcribed and submitted to a thematic content analysis. Results: The patients with mental disorder were identified as perceiving smoking during the psychiatric hospitalization as a help to support the difficulties in socialization and in the lack of activities. The permission for smoking is seen as a signal of respect to their needs. The subjects mentioned to not accept the total smoking prohibition. Conclusion: Tobacco helps to face difficulties and conflicts in the psychiatric hospitalization. There is resistance regarding the possibility to totally withdraw the smoking permission during hospitalization.

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Objetivo:Construir un modelo teórico que configure la vivencia del apoyo de la red social por las personas en cuidado domiciliario. Método: Estudio de abordaje cualitativa, con la utilización del método Teoría Fundamentada en los Datos. La recopilación y el análisis concomitante de los datos hizo viable la interpretación del significado del fenómeno La vivencia del apoyo de la red social por las personas implicadas en el cuidado domiciliario. Resultados: Se destacó la postura pasiva de la población en la construcción de su bienestar. Reconociendo que debe existir una responsabilidad compartida entre las partes implicadas, población y Estado. Conclusión: Se sugiere que los enfermeros sean estimulados a ampliar el cuidado que realizan en el domicilio para atender las demandas de los cuidadores; y que sean elaborados nuevos estudios con distintas poblaciones, con el fin de validar o complementar el modelo teórico propuesto.
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Objetivo: Identificar a opinião dos portadores de transtorno mental sobre o fumo e sua proibição durante a internação psiquiátrica. Método: Estudo exploratório com 96 portadores de transtorno mental, tabagistas, internados em enfermaria psiquiátrica de hospital geral. As entrevistas foram realizadas individualmente, utilizando-se o instrumento elaborado para este estudo. O conteúdo verbalizado nas entrevistas foi gravado, transcrito e submetido à análise de conteúdo temático. Resultados: Identificou-se que os portadores de transtorno mental veem o tabagismo na internação psiquiátrica como ajuda para suportar a dificuldade de convívio e a falta de atividades. A permissão do tabagismo é vista como sinal de respeito às suas necessidades. Os sujeitos relatam não aceitar a proibição total do tabagismo. Conclusão: O tabagismo ajuda a enfrentar dificuldades e conflitos na internação psiquiátrica. Existe resistência quanto à possibilidade de retirar totalmente a permissão para fumar na internação.


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Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Attitude to Health , Hospitalization , Hospitals, Psychiatric , Mental Disorders , Smoke-Free Policy/legislation & jurisprudence , Smoking/legislation & jurisprudence , Qualitative Research
20.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-156427

ABSTRACT

Background. Smoking tobacco affects the health of smokers as well as non-smokers who are exposed to secondhand smoke. The Government of India enacted the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act in 2003, which included a ban on smoking in public places and on sale of tobacco around educational institutions. We assessed the extent of compliance with these laws in restaurants and educational institutions in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional survey using an observation checklist in restaurants and educational institutions in Chennai. We used cluster sampling for restaurants and random sampling for schools and colleges. We collected data regarding the signage displaying prohibition of smoking as per the law and sale of tobacco products around educational institutions. We estimated the proportions for various indicators. Results. Among the 400 restaurants surveyed, 371 (92.8%) did not have any signage displaying prohibition of smoking and of the 29 restaurants with signage, only 4 were as per the specifications. There were 62 (15.5%) smoking events in restaurants at the time of visit for survey. Among the 287 schools surveyed, only 8 (2.8%) had the signage displaying prohibition of smoking and 2 (0.7%) had the signage for ban on sale of tobacco products. Of the 54 colleges surveyed, 8 (14.8%) had the signage displaying prohibition of smoking and 7 (13%) had the signage for ban on sale of tobacco products. Conclusion. There was low compliance of smoke-free laws in restaurants and educational institutions in Chennai. We recommend a robust monitoring mechanism to ensure the enforcement of smoke-free laws in public places.


Subject(s)
Humans , India , Law Enforcement , Location Directories and Signs/statistics & numerical data , Public Health/legislation & jurisprudence , Public Policy , Restaurants/legislation & jurisprudence , Schools/legislation & jurisprudence , Smoking/legislation & jurisprudence , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/legislation & jurisprudence
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